codegen_cpp_visitor.hpp

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/*
 * Copyright 2023 Blue Brain Project, EPFL.
 * See the top-level LICENSE file for details.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 */
 
#pragma once
 
/**
 * \dir
 * \brief Code generation backend implementations for CoreNEURON
 *
 * \file
 * \brief \copybrief nmodl::codegen::CodegenCppVisitor
 */
 
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <ctime>
#include <numeric>
#include <ostream>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <utility>
 
#include "codegen/codegen_info.hpp"
#include "codegen/codegen_naming.hpp"
#include "printer/code_printer.hpp"
#include "symtab/symbol_table.hpp"
#include "utils/logger.hpp"
#include "visitors/ast_visitor.hpp"
 
/// encapsulates code generation backend implementations
namespace nmodl {
 
namespace codegen {
 
/**
 * \defgroup codegen Code Generation Implementation
 * \brief Implementations of code generation backends
 *
 * \defgroup codegen_details Codegen Helpers
 * \ingroup codegen
 * \brief Helper routines/types for code generation
 * \{
 */
 
/**
 * \enum BlockType
 * \brief Helper to represent various block types
 *
 * Note: do not assign integers to these enums
 *
 */
enum class BlockType {
    /// initial block
    Initial,
 
    /// constructor block
    Constructor,
 
    /// destructor block
    Destructor,
 
    /// breakpoint block
    Equation,
 
    /// derivative block
    State,
 
    /// watch block
    Watch,
 
    /// net_receive block
    NetReceive,
 
    /// before / after block
    BeforeAfter,
 
    /// fake ending block type for loops on the enums. Keep it at the end
    BlockTypeEnd
};
 
 
/**
 * \enum MemberType
 * \brief Helper to represent various variables types
 *
 */
enum class MemberType {
    /// index / int variables
    index,
 
    /// range / double variables
    range,
 
    /// global variables
    global,
 
    /// thread variables
    thread
};
 
 
/// various specifiers (mostly for function codegen)
enum class CppObjectSpecifier {
    Inline,
    Static,
    Virtual,
    Explicit,
    Friend,
    Constexpr,
    Extern,
    ExternC,
    ThreadLocal,
    Const,
    Volatile
};
 
 
/**
 * \class IndexVariableInfo
 * \brief Helper to represent information about index/int variables
 *
 */
struct IndexVariableInfo {
    /// symbol for the variable
    const std::shared_ptr<symtab::Symbol> symbol;
 
    /// if variable resides in vdata field of NrnThread
    /// typically true for bbcore pointer
    bool is_vdata = false;
 
    /// if this is pure index (e.g. style_ion) variables is directly
    /// index and shouldn't be printed with data/vdata
    bool is_index = false;
 
    /// if this is an integer (e.g. tqitem, point_process) variable which
    /// is printed as array accesses
    bool is_integer = false;
 
    /// if the variable is qualified as constant (this is property of IndexVariable)
    bool is_constant = false;
 
    explicit IndexVariableInfo(std::shared_ptr<symtab::Symbol> symbol,
                               bool is_vdata = false,
                               bool is_index = false,
                               bool is_integer = false)
        : symbol(std::move(symbol))
        , is_vdata(is_vdata)
        , is_index(is_index)
        , is_integer(is_integer) {}
};
 
 
/**
 * \class ShadowUseStatement
 * \brief Represents ion write statement during code generation
 *
 * Ion update statement needs use of shadow vectors for certain backends
 * as atomics operations are not supported on cpu backend.
 *
 * \todo If shadow_lhs is empty then we assume shadow statement not required
 */
struct ShadowUseStatement {
    std::string lhs;
    std::string op;
    std::string rhs;
};
 
inline std::string get_name(ast::Ast const* sym) {
    return sym->get_node_name();
}
 
inline std::string get_name(const std::shared_ptr<symtab::Symbol>& sym) {
    return sym->get_name();
}
 
inline std::string get_name(const IndexVariableInfo& var) {
    return var.symbol->get_name();
}
 
template <class T>
int get_index_from_name(const std::vector<T>& variables, const std::string& name) {
    auto it = std::find_if(variables.cbegin(), variables.cend(), [&name](const auto& var) {
        return get_name(var) == name;
    });
 
    if (it == variables.cend()) {
        throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("Unknown variable: {}", name));
    }
 
    return static_cast<int>(it - variables.cbegin());
}
 
inline int get_length(const std::shared_ptr<symtab::Symbol>& sym) {
    return sym->get_length();
}
 
inline int get_length(const IndexVariableInfo& var) {
    return var.symbol->get_length();
}
 
template <class T>
int get_prefixsum_from_name(const std::vector<T>& variables, const std::string& name) {
    int index = 0;
    for (const auto& var: variables) {
        if (get_name(var) == name) {
            return index;
        }
        index += get_length(var);
    }
    throw std::logic_error(name + " variable not found");
}
 
/** \} */  // end of codegen_details
 
 
using printer::CodePrinter;
 
 
/**
 * \defgroup codegen_backends Codegen Backends
 * \ingroup codegen
 * \brief Code generation backends for CoreNEURON
 * \{
 */
 
/**
 * \class CodegenCppVisitor
 * \brief %Visitor for printing C++ code compatible with legacy api of CoreNEURON
 *
 * \todo
 *  - Handle define statement (i.e. macros)
 *  - If there is a return statement in the verbatim block
 *    of inlined function then it will be error. Need better
 *    error checking. For example, see netstim.mod where we
 *    have removed return from verbatim block.
 */
class CodegenCppVisitor: public visitor::ConstAstVisitor {
  public:
    /**
     * \brief Constructs the C++ code generator visitor
     *
     * This constructor instantiates an NMODL C++ code generator and allows writing generated code
     * into an output stream.
     *
     * \note No code generation is performed at this stage. Since the code
     * generator classes are all based on \c AstVisitor the AST must be visited using e.g. \c
     * visit_program in order to generate the C++ code corresponding to the AST.
     *
     * \param mod_filename The name of the model for which code should be generated.
     *                     It is used for constructing an output filename.
     * \param stream       The output stream onto which to write the generated code
     * \param float_type   The float type to use in the generated code. The string will be used
     *                     as-is in the target code. This defaults to \c double.
     */
    CodegenCppVisitor(std::string mod_filename,
                      std::ostream& stream,
                      std::string float_type,
                      const bool optimize_ionvar_copies,
                      std::unique_ptr<nmodl::utils::Blame> blame = nullptr)
        : printer(std::make_unique<CodePrinter>(stream, std::move(blame)))
        , mod_filename(std::move(mod_filename))
        , float_type(std::move(float_type))
        , optimize_ionvar_copies(optimize_ionvar_copies) {}
 
    CodegenCppVisitor(std::string mod_filename,
                      std::ostream& stream,
                      std::string float_type,
                      const bool optimize_ionvar_copies,
                      const bool enable_cvode,
                      std::unique_ptr<nmodl::utils::Blame> blame = nullptr)
        : printer(std::make_unique<CodePrinter>(stream, std::move(blame)))
        , mod_filename(std::move(mod_filename))
        , float_type(std::move(float_type))
        , optimize_ionvar_copies(optimize_ionvar_copies)
        , enable_cvode(enable_cvode) {}
 
  private:
    bool enable_cvode = false;
 
  protected:
    using SymbolType = std::shared_ptr<symtab::Symbol>;
 
 
    /**
     * A vector of parameters represented by a 4-tuple of strings:
     *
     * - type qualifier (e.g. \c const)
     * - type (e.g. \c double)
     * - pointer qualifier (e.g. \c \_\_restrict\_\_)
     * - parameter name (e.g. \c data)
     *
     */
    using ParamVector = std::vector<std::tuple<std::string, std::string, std::string, std::string>>;
 
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                                    Member variables                                  */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
    /**
     * Code printer object for target (C++)
     */
    std::unique_ptr<CodePrinter> printer;
 
 
    /**
     * Name of mod file (without .mod suffix)
     */
    std::string mod_filename;
 
 
    /**
     * Data type of floating point variables
     */
    std::string float_type = codegen::naming::DEFAULT_FLOAT_TYPE;
 
 
    /**
     * Flag to indicate if visitor should avoid ion variable copies
     */
    bool optimize_ionvar_copies = true;
 
 
    /**
     * All ast information for code generation
     */
    codegen::CodegenInfo info;
 
 
    /**
     * Symbol table for the program
     */
    symtab::SymbolTable* program_symtab = nullptr;
 
 
    /**
     * All float variables for the model
     */
    std::vector<SymbolType> codegen_float_variables;
 
 
    /**
     * All int variables for the model
     */
    std::vector<IndexVariableInfo> codegen_int_variables;
 
 
    /**
     * All global variables for the model
     * \todo: this has become different than CodegenInfo
     */
    std::vector<SymbolType> codegen_global_variables;
 
 
    /**
     * Variable name should be converted to instance name (but not for function arguments)
     */
    bool enable_variable_name_lookup = true;
 
 
    /**
     * \c true if currently net_receive block being printed
     */
    bool printing_net_receive = false;
 
 
    /**
     * \c true if currently initial block of net_receive being printed
     */
    bool printing_net_init = false;
 
 
    /**
     * \c true if currently printing top level verbatim blocks
     */
    bool printing_top_verbatim_blocks = false;
 
 
    /**
     * \c true if internal method call was encountered while processing verbatim block
     */
    bool internal_method_call_encountered = false;
 
 
    /**
     * Index of watch statement being printed
     */
    int current_watch_statement = 0;
 
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                              Generic information getters                             */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
    /**
     * Return Nmodl language version
     * \return A version
     */
    std::string nmodl_version() const noexcept {
        return codegen::naming::NMODL_VERSION;
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Name of the simulator the code was generated for
     */
    virtual std::string simulator_name() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Name of structure that wraps range variables
     */
    std::string instance_struct() const {
        return fmt::format("{}_Instance", info.mod_suffix);
    }
 
    /**
     * Name of structure that wraps node variables
     */
    std::string node_data_struct() const {
        return fmt::format("{}_NodeData", info.mod_suffix);
    }
 
    std::string thread_variables_struct() const {
        return fmt::format("{}_ThreadVariables", info.mod_suffix);
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Name of structure that wraps global variables
     */
    std::string global_struct() const {
        return fmt::format("{}_Store", info.mod_suffix);
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Name of the (host-only) global instance of `global_struct`
     */
    std::string global_struct_instance() const {
        return info.mod_suffix + "_global";
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Name of the code generation backend
     */
    virtual std::string backend_name() const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Data type for the local variables
     */
    const char* local_var_type() const noexcept {
        return codegen::naming::DEFAULT_LOCAL_VAR_TYPE;
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Check if a semicolon is required at the end of given statement
     * \param node The AST Statement node to check
     * \return     \c true if this Statement requires a semicolon
     */
    static bool need_semicolon(const ast::Statement& node);
 
 
    /**
     * Default data type for floating point elements
     */
    const char* default_float_data_type() const noexcept {
        return codegen::naming::DEFAULT_FLOAT_TYPE;
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Data type for floating point elements specified on command line
     */
    const std::string& float_data_type() const noexcept {
        return float_type;
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Default data type for integer (offset) elements
     */
    const char* default_int_data_type() const noexcept {
        return codegen::naming::DEFAULT_INTEGER_TYPE;
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Operator for rhs vector update (matrix update)
     */
    const char* operator_for_rhs() const noexcept {
        return info.electrode_current ? "+=" : "-=";
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Operator for diagonal vector update (matrix update)
     */
    const char* operator_for_d() const noexcept {
        return info.electrode_current ? "-=" : "+=";
    }
 
    /**
     * Name of channel info variable
     *
     */
    std::string get_channel_info_var_name() const noexcept {
        return std::string("mechanism_info");
    }
 
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                     Common helper routines accross codegen functions                 */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
    /**
     * Check if a structure for ion variables is required
     * \return \c true if a structure fot ion variables must be generated
     */
    bool ion_variable_struct_required() const;
 
 
    /**
     * Generate the string representing the procedure parameter declaration
     *
     * The procedure parameters are stored in a vector of 4-tuples each representing a parameter.
     *
     * \param params The parameters that should be concatenated into the function parameter
     * declaration
     * \return The string representing the declaration of function parameters
     */
    static std::string get_parameter_str(const ParamVector& params);
 
 
    /**
     * Generate the string representing the parameters in a function call
     *
     * The procedure parameters are stored in a vector of 4-tuples each representing a parameter.
     *
     * \param params The parameters that should be concatenated into the function parameter
     * declaration
     * \return The string representing the function call parameters
     */
    static std::string get_arg_str(const ParamVector& params);
 
 
    /**
     * Check if function or procedure node has parameter with given name
     *
     * \tparam T Node type (either procedure or function)
     * \param node AST node (either procedure or function)
     * \param name Name of parameter
     * \return True if argument with name exist
     */
    template <typename T>
    bool has_parameter_of_name(const T& node, const std::string& name);
 
 
    /**
     * Check if given statement should be skipped during code generation
     * \param node The AST Statement node to check
     * \return     \c true if this Statement is to be skipped
     */
    static bool statement_to_skip(const ast::Statement& node);
 
 
    /**
     * Check if net_send_buffer is required
     */
    bool net_send_buffer_required() const noexcept;
 
 
    /**
     * Check if net receive/send buffering kernels required
     */
    bool net_receive_buffering_required() const noexcept;
 
 
    /**
     * Check if nrn_state function is required
     */
    bool nrn_state_required() const noexcept;
 
 
    /**
     * Check if nrn_cur function is required
     */
    bool nrn_cur_required() const noexcept;
 
 
    /**
     * Check if net_receive function is required
     */
    bool net_receive_required() const noexcept;
 
 
    /**
     * Check if setup_range_variable function is required
     * \return
     */
    bool range_variable_setup_required() const noexcept;
 
 
    /**
     * Check if net_receive node exist
     */
    bool net_receive_exist() const noexcept;
 
 
    /**
     * Check if breakpoint node exist
     */
    bool breakpoint_exist() const noexcept;
 
 
    /**
     * Check if given method is defined in this model
     * \param name The name of the method to check
     * \return     \c true if the method is defined
     */
    bool defined_method(const std::string& name) const;
 
 
    /**
     * Checks if given function name is \c net_send
     * \param name The function name to check
     * \return     \c true if the function is net_send
     */
    bool is_net_send(const std::string& name) const noexcept {
        return name == codegen::naming::NET_SEND_METHOD;
    }
 
    bool is_nrn_pointing(const std::string& name) const noexcept {
        return name == codegen::naming::NRN_POINTING_METHOD;
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Checks if given function name is \c net_move
     * \param name The function name to check
     * \return     \c true if the function is net_move
     */
    bool is_net_move(const std::string& name) const noexcept {
        return name == codegen::naming::NET_MOVE_METHOD;
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Checks if given function name is \c net_event
     * \param name The function name to check
     * \return     \c true if the function is net_event
     */
    bool is_net_event(const std::string& name) const noexcept {
        return name == codegen::naming::NET_EVENT_METHOD;
    }
 
 
    bool is_function_table_call(const std::string& name) const;
 
 
    /**
     * Determine the position in the data array for a given float variable
     * \param name The name of a float variable
     * \return     The position index in the data array
     */
    virtual int position_of_float_var(const std::string& name) const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Determine the position in the data array for a given int variable
     * \param name The name of an int variable
     * \return     The position index in the data array
     */
    virtual int position_of_int_var(const std::string& name) const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Number of float variables in the model
     */
    int float_variables_size() const;
 
 
    /**
     * Number of integer variables in the model
     */
    int int_variables_size() const;
 
 
    /**
     * Convert a given \c double value to its string representation
     * \param value The number to convert given as string as it is parsed by the modfile
     * \return      Its string representation
     */
    std::string format_double_string(const std::string& value);
 
 
    /**
     * Convert a given \c float value to its string representation
     * \param value The number to convert given as string as it is parsed by the modfile
     * \return      Its string representation
     */
    std::string format_float_string(const std::string& value);
 
 
    /**
     * populate all index semantics needed for registration with coreneuron
     */
    void update_index_semantics();
 
 
    /**
     * Determine all \c float variables required during code generation
     * \return A \c vector of \c float variables
     */
    std::vector<SymbolType> get_float_variables() const;
 
    virtual bool needs_v_unused() const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Determine all \c int variables required during code generation
     * \return A \c vector of \c int variables
     */
    std::vector<IndexVariableInfo> get_int_variables();
 
 
    /**
     * For a given output block type, return statements for all read ion variables
     *
     * \param type The type of code block being generated
     * \return     A \c vector of strings representing the reading of ion variables
     */
    std::vector<std::string> ion_read_statements(BlockType type) const;
 
 
    /**
     * For a given output block type, return minimal statements for all read ion variables
     *
     * \param type The type of code block being generated
     * \return     A \c vector of strings representing the reading of ion variables
     */
    std::vector<std::string> ion_read_statements_optimized(BlockType type) const;
 
 
    /**
     * For a given output block type, return statements for writing back ion variables
     *
     * \param type The type of code block being generated
     * \return     A \c vector of strings representing the write-back of ion variables
     */
    std::vector<ShadowUseStatement> ion_write_statements(BlockType type);
 
 
    /**
     * Process shadow update statement
     *
     * If the statement requires reduction then add it to vector of reduction statement and return
     * statement using shadow update
     *
     * \param statement The statement that might require shadow updates
     * \param type      The target backend code block type
     * \return          The generated target backend code
     */
    std::string process_shadow_update_statement(const ShadowUseStatement& statement,
                                                BlockType type);
 
 
    /**
     * Determine the variable name for the "current" used in breakpoint block taking into account
     * intermediate code transformations.
     * \param current The variable name for the current used in the model
     * \return        The name for the current to be printed in C++
     */
    std::string breakpoint_current(std::string current) const;
 
 
    /**
     * Print pragma annotations for channel iterations
     *
     * This can be overriden by backends to provide additonal annotations or pragmas to enable
     * for example SIMD code generation (e.g. through \c ivdep)
     * The default implementation prints
     *
     * \code
     * #pragma ivdep
     * \endcode
     *
     * \param type The block type
     */
    virtual void print_parallel_iteration_hint(BlockType type, const ast::Block* block);
 
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                                Backend specific routines                             */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
 
    /**
     * Instantiate global var instance
     *
     * For C++ code generation this is empty
     * \return ""
     */
    virtual void print_global_var_struct_decl();
 
    /**
     * Check if ion variable copies should be avoided
     */
    virtual bool optimize_ion_variable_copies() const = 0;
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                         Printing routines for code generation                        */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
 
    /**
     * Print any statement block in nmodl with option to (not) print braces
     *
     * The individual statements (of type nmodl::ast::Statement) in the StatementBlock are printed
     * by accepting \c this visistor.
     *
     * \param node        A (possibly empty) statement block AST node
     * \param open_brace  Print an opening brace if \c false
     * \param close_brace Print a closing brace if \c true
     */
    void print_statement_block(const ast::StatementBlock& node,
                               bool open_brace = true,
                               bool close_brace = true);
 
 
    /**
     * Print call to internal or external function
     * \param node The AST node representing a function call
     */
    virtual void print_function_call(const ast::FunctionCall& node);
 
    /**
     * Print call to \c net\_send
     * \param node The AST node representing the function call
     */
    virtual void print_net_send_call(const ast::FunctionCall& node) = 0;
 
    /**
     * Print \c nrn\_pointing.
     */
    virtual void print_nrn_pointing(const ast::FunctionCall& node);
 
 
    /**
     * Print call to net\_move
     * \param node The AST node representing the function call
     */
    virtual void print_net_move_call(const ast::FunctionCall& node) = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print call to net\_event
     * \param node The AST node representing the function call
     */
    virtual void print_net_event_call(const ast::FunctionCall& node) = 0;
 
    /** Print special code when calling FUNCTION_TABLEs.
     */
    virtual void print_function_table_call(const ast::FunctionCall& node) = 0;
 
    /**
     * Print function and procedures prototype declaration
     */
    virtual void print_function_prototypes() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print nmodl function or procedure (common code)
     * \param node the AST node representing the function or procedure in NMODL
     * \param name the name of the function or procedure
     * \param specifiers the set of C++ specifiers to apply to the function signature
     */
    virtual void print_function_or_procedure(
        const ast::Block& node,
        const std::string& name,
        const std::unordered_set<CppObjectSpecifier>& specifiers) = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Common helper function to help printing function or procedure blocks
     * \param node the AST node representing the function or procedure in NMODL
     */
    virtual void print_function_procedure_helper(const ast::Block& node) = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print NMODL procedure in target backend code
     * \param node
     */
    void print_procedure(const ast::ProcedureBlock& node);
 
 
    /**
     * Print NMODL function in target backend code
     * \param node
     */
    void print_function(const ast::FunctionBlock& node);
 
    /**
     * Print the internal function for FUNCTION_TABLES.
     *
     * Here internal refers to the function called from BREAKPOINT, INITIAL and
     * other FUNCTIONs. Therefore this function doesn't print the functions required
     * to call function tables from HOC/Python.
     */
    void print_function_tables(const ast::FunctionTableBlock& node);
 
    /**
     * Parameters of the function itself `"{}"` and `"table_{}"`.
     */
    virtual std::pair<ParamVector, ParamVector> function_table_parameters(
        const ast::FunctionTableBlock& node) = 0;
 
    /**
     * @brief Checks whether the functor_block generated by sympy solver modifies any variable
     * outside its scope. If it does then return false, so that the operator() of the struct functor
     * of the Eigen Newton solver doesn't have const qualifier.
     *
     * @param variable_block Statement Block of the variables declarations used in the functor
     * struct of the solver
     * @param functor_block Actual code being printed in the operator() of the functor struct of the
     *                      solver
     * @return True if operator() is const else False
     */
    bool is_functor_const(const ast::StatementBlock& variable_block,
                          const ast::StatementBlock& functor_block);
 
 
    /** The parameters of the Newton solver "functor". */
    virtual ParamVector functor_params() = 0;
 
    /**
     * \brief Based on the \c EigenNewtonSolverBlock passed print the definition needed for its
     * functor
     *
     * \param node \c EigenNewtonSolverBlock for which to print the functor
     */
    void print_functor_definition(const ast::EigenNewtonSolverBlock& node);
 
    /** \brief Print all Newton functor structs. */
    void print_functors_definitions();
 
    /** Print linear solver using Eigen.
     */
    void print_eigen_linear_solver(const std::string& float_type, int N);
 
    /**
     * Print the items in a vector as a list
     *
     * This function prints a given vector of elements as a list with given separator onto the
     * current printer. Elements are expected to be of type nmodl::ast::Ast and are printed by being
     * visited. Care is taken to omit the separator after the the last element.
     *
     * \tparam T The element type in the vector, which must be of type nmodl::ast::Ast
     * \param  elements The vector of elements to be printed
     * \param  separator The separator string to print between all elements
     * \param  prefix A prefix string to print before each element
     */
    template <typename T>
    void print_vector_elements(const std::vector<T>& elements,
                               const std::string& separator,
                               const std::string& prefix = "");
 
    virtual void print_ion_variable() = 0;
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                             Code-specific helper routines                            */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
    /**
     * Add the variable tqitem during `get_int_variables`.
     */
    virtual void add_variable_tqitem(std::vector<IndexVariableInfo>& variables) = 0;
 
    /**
     * Add the variable point_process during `get_int_variables`.
     */
    virtual void add_variable_point_process(std::vector<IndexVariableInfo>& variables) = 0;
 
    /**
     * Arguments for functions that are defined and used internally.
     * \return the method arguments
     */
    virtual std::string internal_method_arguments() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Parameters for internally defined functions
     * \return the method parameters
     */
    virtual ParamVector internal_method_parameters() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Arguments for external functions called from generated code
     * \return A string representing the arguments passed to an external function
     */
    virtual const std::string external_method_arguments() noexcept = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Parameters for functions in generated code that are called back from external code
     *
     * Functions registered in NEURON during initialization for callback must adhere to a prescribed
     * calling convention. This method generates the string representing the function parameters for
     * these externally called functions.
     * \param table
     * \return      A string representing the parameters of the function
     */
    virtual const ParamVector external_method_parameters(bool table = false) noexcept = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Arguments for "_threadargs_" macro in neuron implementation
     */
    virtual std::string nrn_thread_arguments() const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Arguments for "_threadargs_" macro in neuron implementation
     */
    virtual std::string nrn_thread_internal_arguments() = 0;
 
    /**
     * Arguments for register_mech or point_register_mech function
     */
    virtual std::string register_mechanism_arguments() const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Add quotes to string to be output
     *
     * \param text The string to be quoted
     * \return     The same string with double-quotes pre- and postfixed
     */
    std::string add_escape_quote(const std::string& text) const {
        return "\"" + text + "\"";
    }
 
 
    /**
     * Constructs the name of a function or procedure
     * \param name The name of the function or procedure
     * \return     The name of the function or procedure postfixed with the model name
     */
    std::string method_name(const std::string& name) const {
        return name + "_" + info.mod_suffix;
    }
 
    /**
     * Check if the given name exist in the symbol
     * \return \c return a tuple <true, array_length> if variable
     *            is an array otherwise <false, 0>
     */
    std::tuple<bool, int> check_if_var_is_array(const std::string& name);
 
 
    /**
     * Creates a temporary symbol
     * \param name The name of the symbol
     * \return     A symbol based on the given name
     */
    SymbolType make_symbol(const std::string& name) const {
        return std::make_shared<symtab::Symbol>(name, ModToken());
    }
 
    /**
     * Generate Function call statement for nrn_wrote_conc
     * \param statements    Statements are appended to this vector.
     * \param ion           The ion variable.
     * \param concentration The name of the concentration variable
     * \return              The string representing the function call
     */
    virtual void append_conc_write_statements(std::vector<ShadowUseStatement>& statements,
                                              const Ion& ion,
                                              const std::string& concentration) = 0;
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                  Code-specific printing routines for code generations                */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
    /** Name of "our" namespace.
     */
    virtual std::string namespace_name() = 0;
 
    /**
     * Prints the start of the simulator namespace
     */
    void print_namespace_start();
 
 
    /**
     * Prints the end of the simulator namespace
     */
    void print_namespace_stop();
 
    /**
     * Prints f"using namespace {namespace_name()}".
     */
    void print_using_namespace();
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                         Routines for returning variable name                         */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
    /**
     * Determine the updated name if the ion variable has been optimized
     * \param name The ion variable name
     * \return     The updated name of the variable has been optimized (e.g. \c ena --> \c ion_ena)
     */
    std::string update_if_ion_variable_name(const std::string& name) const;
 
 
    /**
     * Determine the name of a \c float variable given its symbol
     *
     * This function typically returns the accessor expression in backend code for the given symbol.
     * Since the model variables are stored in data arrays and accessed by offset, this function
     * will return the C++ string representing the array access at the correct offset
     *
     * \param symbol       The symbol of a variable for which we want to obtain its name
     * \param use_instance Should the variable be accessed via instance or data array
     * \return             The backend code string representing the access to the given variable
     * symbol
     */
    virtual std::string float_variable_name(const SymbolType& symbol, bool use_instance) const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Determine the name of an \c int variable given its symbol
     *
     * This function typically returns the accessor expression in backend code for the given symbol.
     * Since the model variables are stored in data arrays and accessed by offset, this function
     * will return the C++ string representing the array access at the correct offset
     *
     * \param symbol       The symbol of a variable for which we want to obtain its name
     * \param name         The name of the index variable
     * \param use_instance Should the variable be accessed via instance or data array
     * \return             The backend code string representing the access to the given variable
     * symbol
     */
    virtual std::string int_variable_name(const IndexVariableInfo& symbol,
                                          const std::string& name,
                                          bool use_instance) const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Determine the variable name for a global variable given its symbol
     * \param symbol The symbol of a variable for which we want to obtain its name
     * \param use_instance Should the variable be accessed via the (host-only)
     * global variable or the instance-specific copy (also available on GPU).
     * \return       The C++ string representing the access to the global variable
     */
    virtual std::string global_variable_name(const SymbolType& symbol,
                                             bool use_instance = true) const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Determine variable name in the structure of mechanism properties
     *
     * \param name         Variable name that is being printed
     * \param use_instance Should the variable be accessed via instance or data array
     * \return             The C++ string representing the access to the variable in the neuron
     * thread structure
     */
    virtual std::string get_variable_name(const std::string& name,
                                          bool use_instance = true) const = 0;
 
    /**
     * The name of the function that updates the table value if the parameters
     * changed.
     *
     * \param block_name  The name of the block that contains the TABLE.
     */
    std::string table_update_function_name(const std::string& block_name) const;
 
    /**
     * Return ion variable name and corresponding ion read variable name.
     *
     * Example:
     *   {"ena", "ion_ena"} = read_ion_variable_name("ena");
     *
     * \param name The ion variable name
     * \return     The ion read variable name
     */
    static std::pair<std::string, std::string> read_ion_variable_name(const std::string& name);
 
 
    /**
     * Return ion variable name and corresponding ion write variable name
     *
     * Example:
     *   {"ion_ena", "ena"} = write_ion_variable_name("ena");
     *
     * \param name The ion variable name
     * \return     The ion write variable name
     */
    static std::pair<std::string, std::string> write_ion_variable_name(const std::string& name);
 
 
    int get_int_variable_index(const std::string& var_name);
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                      Main printing routines for code generation                      */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
 
    /**
     * Print top file header printed in generated code
     */
    void print_backend_info();
 
 
    /**
     * Print standard C/C++ includes
     */
    virtual void print_standard_includes() = 0;
 
 
    virtual void print_sdlists_init(bool print_initializers) = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print the structure that wraps all global variables used in the NMODL
     *
     * \param print_initializers Whether to include default values in the struct
     *                           definition (true: int foo{42}; false: int foo;)
     */
    virtual void print_mechanism_global_var_structure(bool print_initializers) = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print static assertions about the global variable struct.
     */
    virtual void print_global_var_struct_assertions() const;
 
 
    /**
     * Print the entries of for FUNCTION_TABLEs in the global struct.
     *
     * And creates the required GLOBAL variables.
     */
    virtual void print_global_struct_function_table_ptrs();
 
 
    /**
     * Print declaration of macro NRN_PRCELLSTATE for debugging
     */
    void print_prcellstate_macros() const;
 
 
    /**
     * Print backend code for byte array that has mechanism information (to be registered
     * with NEURON/CoreNEURON)
     */
    void print_mechanism_info();
 
 
    /**
     * Print byte arrays that register scalar and vector variables for hoc interface
     *
     */
    virtual void print_global_variables_for_hoc() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print the mechanism registration function
     *
     */
    virtual void print_mechanism_register() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print common code for global functions like nrn_init, nrn_cur and nrn_state
     * \param type The target backend code block type
     */
    virtual void print_global_function_common_code(BlockType type,
                                                   const std::string& function_name = "") = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print nrn_constructor function definition
     *
     */
    virtual void print_nrn_constructor() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print nrn_destructor function definition
     *
     */
    virtual void print_nrn_destructor() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print nrn_alloc function definition
     *
     */
    virtual void print_nrn_alloc() = 0;
 
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                                 Print nrn_state routine                              */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
 
    /**
     * Print nrn_state / state update function definition
     */
    virtual void print_nrn_state() = 0;
 
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                              Print nrn_cur related routines                          */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
 
    /**
     * Print the \c nrn_current kernel
     *
     * \note nrn_cur_kernel will have two calls to nrn_current if no conductance keywords specified
     * \param node the AST node representing the NMODL breakpoint block
     */
    virtual void print_nrn_current(const ast::BreakpointBlock& node) = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print the \c nrn\_cur kernel with NMODL \c conductance keyword provisions
     *
     * If the NMODL \c conductance keyword is used in the \c breakpoint block, then
     * CodegenCoreneuronCppVisitor::print_nrn_cur_kernel will use this printer
     *
     * \param node the AST node representing the NMODL breakpoint block
     */
    virtual void print_nrn_cur_conductance_kernel(const ast::BreakpointBlock& node) = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print the \c nrn\_cur kernel without NMODL \c conductance keyword provisions
     *
     * If the NMODL \c conductance keyword is \b not used in the \c breakpoint block, then
     * CodegenCoreneuronCppVisitor::print_nrn_cur_kernel will use this printer
     */
    virtual void print_nrn_cur_non_conductance_kernel() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print main body of nrn_cur function
     * \param node the AST node representing the NMODL breakpoint block
     */
    virtual void print_nrn_cur_kernel(const ast::BreakpointBlock& node) = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print fast membrane current calculation code
     */
    virtual void print_fast_imem_calculation() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print nrn_cur / current update function definition
     */
    virtual void print_nrn_cur() = 0;
 
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                              Main code printing entry points                         */
    /****************************************************************************************/
 
 
    /**
     * Print all includes
     *
     */
    virtual void print_headers_include() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print all classes
     * \param print_initializers Whether to include default values.
     */
    virtual void print_data_structures(bool print_initializers) = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Set v_unused (voltage) for NRN_PRCELLSTATE feature
     */
    virtual void print_v_unused() const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Set g_unused (conductance) for NRN_PRCELLSTATE feature
     */
    virtual void print_g_unused() const = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print all compute functions for every backend
     *
     */
    virtual void print_compute_functions() = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print entry point to code generation
     *
     */
    virtual void print_codegen_routines() = 0;
 
    std::unordered_map<CppObjectSpecifier, std::string> object_specifier_map = {
        {CppObjectSpecifier::Inline, "inline"},
        {CppObjectSpecifier::Static, "static"},
        {CppObjectSpecifier::Constexpr, "constexpr"},
        {CppObjectSpecifier::Volatile, "volatile"},
        {CppObjectSpecifier::Virtual, "virtual"},
        {CppObjectSpecifier::Explicit, "explicit"},
        {CppObjectSpecifier::Friend, "friend"},
        {CppObjectSpecifier::Extern, "extern"},
        {CppObjectSpecifier::ExternC, "extern \"C\""},
        {CppObjectSpecifier::ThreadLocal, "thread_local"},
        {CppObjectSpecifier::Const, "const"}};
 
 
    /**
     * Print the nmodl constants used in backend code
     *
     * Currently we define three basic constants, which are assumed to be present in NMODL, directly
     * in the backend code:
     *
     * \code
     * static const double FARADAY = 96485.3;
     * static const double PI = 3.14159;
     * static const double R = 8.3145;
     * \endcode
     */
    void print_nmodl_constants();
 
    /**
     * Print top level (global scope) verbatim blocks
     */
    void print_top_verbatim_blocks();
 
 
    /****************************************************************************************/
    /*                            Overloaded visitor routines                               */
    /****************************************************************************************/
    void visit_binary_expression(const ast::BinaryExpression& node) override;
    void visit_binary_operator(const ast::BinaryOperator& node) override;
    void visit_boolean(const ast::Boolean& node) override;
    void visit_double(const ast::Double& node) override;
    void visit_else_if_statement(const ast::ElseIfStatement& node) override;
    void visit_else_statement(const ast::ElseStatement& node) override;
    void visit_float(const ast::Float& node) override;
    void visit_from_statement(const ast::FromStatement& node) override;
    void visit_function_call(const ast::FunctionCall& node) override;
    void visit_if_statement(const ast::IfStatement& node) override;
    void visit_indexed_name(const ast::IndexedName& node) override;
    void visit_integer(const ast::Integer& node) override;
    void visit_local_list_statement(const ast::LocalListStatement& node) override;
    void visit_name(const ast::Name& node) override;
    void visit_paren_expression(const ast::ParenExpression& node) override;
    void visit_prime_name(const ast::PrimeName& node) override;
    void visit_statement_block(const ast::StatementBlock& node) override;
    void visit_string(const ast::String& node) override;
    void visit_unary_operator(const ast::UnaryOperator& node) override;
    void visit_unit(const ast::Unit& node) override;
    void visit_var_name(const ast::VarName& node) override;
    void visit_while_statement(const ast::WhileStatement& node) override;
    void visit_update_dt(const ast::UpdateDt& node) override;
    void visit_mutex_lock(const ast::MutexLock& node) override;
    void visit_mutex_unlock(const ast::MutexUnlock& node) override;
    void visit_solution_expression(const ast::SolutionExpression& node) override;
    void visit_eigen_newton_solver_block(const ast::EigenNewtonSolverBlock& node) override;
    void visit_eigen_linear_solver_block(const ast::EigenLinearSolverBlock& node) override;
 
    std::string compute_method_name(BlockType type) const;
 
    // Automatically called as part of `visit_program`.
    virtual void setup(const ast::Program& node);
 
  public:
 
    /**
     * Main and only member function to call after creating an instance of this class.
     * \param program the AST to translate to C++ code
     */
    void visit_program(const ast::Program& program) override;
 
 
  protected:
 
    /**
     * Print the structure that wraps all range and int variables required for the NMODL
     *
     * \param print_initializers Whether or not default values for variables
     *                           be included in the struct declaration.
     */
    virtual void print_mechanism_range_var_structure(bool print_initializers) = 0;
 
 
    /**
     * Print replacement function for function or procedure using table
     * \param node The AST node representing a function or procedure block
     */
    void print_table_replacement_function(const ast::Block&);
 
 
    /**
     * Print \c check\_function() for functions or procedure using table
     * \param node The AST node representing a function or procedure block
     */
    void print_table_check_function(const ast::Block&);
 
 
    const ast::TableStatement* get_table_statement(const ast::Block&);
 
    std::string get_object_specifiers(const std::unordered_set<CppObjectSpecifier>&);
 
    /**
     * Print prototype declarations of functions or procedures
     * \tparam T   The AST node type of the node (must be of nmodl::ast::Ast or subclass)
     * \param node The AST node representing the function or procedure block
     * \param name A user defined name for the function
     */
    template <typename T>
    void print_function_declaration(const T& node,
                                    const std::string& name,
                                    const std::unordered_set<CppObjectSpecifier>& =
                                        {CppObjectSpecifier::Static, CppObjectSpecifier::Inline});
 
    void print_rename_state_vars() const;
};
 
template <typename T>
void CodegenCppVisitor::print_vector_elements(const std::vector<T>& elements,
                                              const std::string& separator,
                                              const std::string& prefix) {
    for (auto iter = elements.begin(); iter != elements.end(); iter++) {
        printer->add_text(prefix);
        (*iter)->accept(*this);
        if (!separator.empty() && !nmodl::utils::is_last(iter, elements)) {
            printer->add_text(separator);
        }
    }
}
 
 
/**
 * \details If there is an argument with name (say alpha) same as range variable (say alpha),
 * we want to avoid it being printed as instance->alpha. And hence we disable variable
 * name lookup during prototype declaration. Note that the name of procedure can be
 * different in case of table statement.
 */
template <typename T>
void CodegenCppVisitor::print_function_declaration(
    const T& node,
    const std::string& name,
    const std::unordered_set<CppObjectSpecifier>& specifiers) {
    enable_variable_name_lookup = false;
    auto type = default_float_data_type();
 
    // internal and user provided arguments
    auto internal_params = internal_method_parameters();
    const auto& params = node.get_parameters();
    for (const auto& param: params) {
        internal_params.emplace_back("", type, "", param.get()->get_node_name());
    }
 
    // procedures have "int" return type by default
    const char* return_type = "int";
    if (node.is_function_block()) {
        return_type = default_float_data_type();
    }
 
    printer->add_indent();
    printer->fmt_text("{} {} {}({})",
                      get_object_specifiers(specifiers),
                      return_type,
                      method_name(name),
                      get_parameter_str(internal_params));
 
    enable_variable_name_lookup = true;
}
 
/** \} */  // end of codegen_backends
 
}  // namespace codegen
}  // namespace nmodl